CarzOnWheel logo
  • Home
  • Cars
  • Blogs
  • Brands
  • Delhi

CarzOnWheel logoCarzOnWheel

Delhi

carzonewheel_logo

Carzonwheel is a comprehensive automotive platform dedicated to helping car buyers, owners, and enthusiasts make informed decisions. We provide the latest automotive news, in-depth car reviews, expert buying guides, vehicle comparisons, and industry insights from experienced automotive professionals. Our content is created by car experts and enthusiasts with hands-on driving experience across a wide range of vehicles, including manual and automatic cars, electric vehicles (EVs), luxury cars, performance vehicles, and supercars. This real-world experience enables us to deliver practical, unbiased, and reliable advice for every type of driver.
In addition to expert automotive content, Carzonwheel offers powerful tools such as a Car EMI Calculator, Mileage Calculator, and detailed Car Specifications Comparison feature, helping users evaluate and compare vehicles with confidence. Carzonwheel is owned and operated by OnWheels Group through OnWheels Digital, with a mission to make automotive information transparent, accessible, and useful for everyone.
Drive smarter. Choose better. Trust Carzonwheel.

Address: 453, OnWheels Digital Private Limited, JMD Megapolis, Sector 48, Gurugram, Haryana 122018
contact@carzonwheel.com
Popular Cars
  • Tata Harrier EV
  • Mahindra BE6
  • Kia EV6
  • Tata Curvv EV
  • Hyundai Tucson
  • BMW i4
  • MG Cyberster
Popular Brands
  • Maruti Suzuki
  • Hyundai
  • Tata Motors
  • Mahindra
  • Toyota
  • Mercedes-benz
  • Kia
Cars by Price
  • Cars Under ₹10 Lakh
  • Cars Under ₹15 Lakh
  • Cars Under ₹20 Lakh
  • Cars Under ₹35 Lakh
  • Cars Under ₹50 Lakh
  • Cars Under 1 Crore
  • Cars Above 1 Crore
Explore Cars
  • Upcoming Cars
  • Electric Cars
  • Car News
Support
  • About Us
  • Contact Us
  • Sitemap
Legal
  • Privacy Policy
  • Terms & Conditions
  • Disclosure
  • Write for Us
  • Advertise with us
OnWheels Group
car_logoCarzOnWheel
truck_logoTruckOnWheels
bike_logoBikeOnWheels
tractor_logoTractorOnWheels
khetikyari_logoKhetikyari
Copyright © 2026 OnWheels Digital Private Limited. All Rights Reserved.
Follow us:
HomeBmwBMW 5 Series
BMW 5 Series thumbnail

Car overview

BMW 5 Series

4.5 / 5

Ex-Showroom Price

₹74.40 L - ₹74.40 L

The BMW 5 Series redefines executive luxury, blending elegant design with exhilarating performance. Experience premium comfort, cutting-edge technology like Gesture Control, and a refined driving experience. With robust safety features and impressive efficiency for its class, it's the perfect statement of sophistication and dynamic prowess for the discerning Indian buyer. A true driver's sedan.

Get On Road price
5 SeriesPriceMileageVariantsSpecs & FeaturesPrice & EMIFAQs

Recommendations

Sedan Cars

BMW 3 SeriesBMW 3 Series₹72.85 LView details BMW i5 LWBBMW i5 LWB₹79.60 LView details Audi A6Audi A6₹63.74 LView details Toyota CamryToyota Camry₹48.69 LView details Audi A4Audi A4₹46.88 LView details Tata Tigor EVTata Tigor EV₹12.49 LView details Honda CityHonda City₹12.00 LView details Volkswagen VirtusVolkswagen Virtus₹10.50 LView details Skoda SlaviaSkoda Slavia₹10.00 LView details Maruti CiazMaruti Ciaz₹9.09 LView details

Recommendations

Latest Bmw Cars

BMW 3 SeriesBMW 3 Series₹72.85 LView details BMW X3BMW X3₹72.50 LView details BMW i5 LWBBMW i5 LWB₹79.60 LView details BMW Z4BMW Z4₹87.90 LView details BMW X4BMW X4₹96.20 LView details BMW X5BMW X5₹96.90 LView details BMW X1BMW X1₹50.90 LView details BMW X1 LWBBMW X1 LWB₹49.90 LView details BMW M2BMW M2₹1.02 CrView details BMW X7BMW X7₹1.25 CrView details

Finance estimate

BMW 5 Series EMI

Your monthly EMI

₹ 1,68,048

Interest calculated at 10% for 3 years.

View BMW 5 Series EMI Offers

Official details

BMW 5 Series Brochure

Download BMW 5 Series brochure for detailed information of specs, features & prices.

BMW 5 Series Key Specifications

Complete available specifications in one simple view.

9 specs

Fuel Type

Petrol

Transmission

Automatic

Engine

1998 cc

Seating Capacity

5 Seater

Fuel Tank

60 Litres

Power (BHP)

255bhp@4500rpm

Body Type

Sedan

Ground Clearance

1 mm

Engine

Petrol Engine

BMW 5 Series Mileage Table

Mileage

Model & variants
Model / VariantTransmissionPriceMileageDetails
BMW 5 Series

Model • Petrol

Automatic₹74.40 L15.7 kmplView
BMW 5 Series 530Li

Variant • Petrol

Automatic₹72.35 L15.7 kmplView

BMW 5 Series Price & Variants

Variants

1 Options

The BMW 5 Series is available in 1 variants with prices ranging from ₹74.40 L for the base model to ₹74.40 L for the top variant.

VariantFuelTransmissionPriceDetails
BMW 5 Series 530Li
Base
PetrolAutomatic₹72.35 LView Details

BMW 5 Series Fuel Cost Calculator

Calculator

Estimate running cost
BMW 5 Series 530Li

Total Fuel Cost

₹643.89

Fuel Required

6.37 L

Cost / km

₹6.44

Open in Full Mileage Calculator

Specifications & Features

Complete feature categories and equipment details

9 categories
1Engine & Transmission7 features
Displacement 1998 cc
Max Power 255bhp@4500rpm
Max Torque 400Nm@1600rpm
No. of Cylinders 4
Valves Per Cylinder 4
Transmission Type Automatic
Drive Type RWD
2Safety23 features
Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)Yes
Central LockingYes
Child Safety LocksYes
Anti-Theft AlarmYes
No. of Airbags 8
Driver AirbagYes
Passenger AirbagYes
Side AirbagYes
Side Airbag-RearYes
Curtain AirbagYes
Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD)Yes
Seat Belt WarningYes
Door Ajar WarningYes
Engine ImmobilizerYes
Electronic Stability Control (ESC)Yes
Rear Camera With Guidedlines
Anti-Theft DeviceYes
Anti-Pinch Power Windows Driver's Window
Speed AlertYes
Speed Sensing Auto Door LockYes
Pretensioners & Force Limiter Seatbelts Driver and Passenger
Hill AssistYes
Impact Sensing Auto Door UnlockYes
3Exterior4 features
Adjustable HeadlampsYes
LED DRLsYes
LED HeadlampsYes
LED TaillightsYes
4Interior3 features
TachometerYes
Glove BoxYes
Digital ClusterYes
5Fuel & Performance3 features
Fuel Type Petrol
Petrol Highway Mileage 15.7 kmpl
Emission Norm Compliance BS VI 2.0
6Comfort & Convenience15 features
Power SteeringYes
Air ConditionerYes
HeaterYes
Adjustable SteeringYes
Height Adjustable Driver SeatYes
Vanity MirrorYes
Rear Reading LampYes
Adjustable HeadrestYes
Parking Sensors Rear
KeyLess EntryYes
USB Charger Front & Rear
Tailgate Ajar WarningYes
Hands-Free TailgateNo
Idle Start-Stop SystemYes
Follow Me Home HeadlampsYes
7Dimensions & Capacity7 features
Length 5165 mm
Width 2156 mm
Height 1518 mm
Seating Capacity 5
Wheel Base 3105 mm
No. of Doors 4
Reported Boot Space500 Litres
8Entertainment & Communication8 features
RadioYes
Bluetooth ConnectivityYes
TouchscreenYes
Touchscreen Size inch
Android AutoYes
Apple CarPlayYes
Usb PortsYes
Speakers Front & Rear
9Suspension, Steering & Brakes4 features
Steering Type Power
Steering Column Tilt & telescopic
Front Brake Type Disc
Rear Brake Type Disc

Compare 5 Series With Similar Cars

Table view for quick price and specification comparison.

4 cars
BMW 5 Series

BMW 5 Series

BMW X3

BMW X3

Mercedes-Benz GLC

Mercedes-Benz GLC

Range Rover Velar

Range Rover Velar

Price
₹74.40 L
₹72.50 L1.90 L cheaper₹77.00 L2.60 L costlier₹83.90 L9.50 L costlier
Engine
1998 cc
1995,1998 cc1993,1999 cc cc1997 cc
Power
255bhp@4500rpm
194bhp@4000rpm,187bhp194.44bhp@3600rpm,254.79bhp150bhp@3 750-4 000rpm
Transmission
Automatic
AutomaticAutomaticAutomatic
Fuel Type
Petrol
Diesel/PetrolDiesel/PetrolDiesel/Petrol
Current viewingCompareCompareCompare

Customer Reviews

What buyers say about BMW 5 Series

4.5

4 reviews

Performance4.5
Comfort4.3
Mileage4.8
Safety4.3
Features4.5
Value for money4.3
N

Nitin Das

Hyderabad

test_drive

My honest Bmw 5 Series ownership review

Long time reader, first time reviewer — the Bmw 5 Series deserves this praise. Braking feels confident and the suspension soaks up bumps really well. Would definitely recommend it to anyone looking in this segment.

I

Ishita Pandey

Gurugram

owner

Excellent experience with Bmw 5 Series

Been driving my Bmw 5 Series for about 18 months now and I'm genuinely impressed. Cabin space is generous and my family of four travels comfortably. Five stars from my end, thoroughly satisfied with the purchase.

Y

Yash Iyer

Mysuru

test_drive

Highly recommend the Bmw 5 Series

Long time reader, first time reviewer — the Bmw 5 Series deserves this praise. The ride quality is smooth even on the broken roads near my locality. Happy customer here, will consider the brand again for my next car.

A

Ashok Rawat

Noida

test_drive

Disappointed with my Bmw 5 Series

Had high hopes for the Bmw 5 Series but it's been a disappointing experience. Build quality feels below expectations for the price I paid. Hoping the company addresses these issues in future updates.

BMW 5 Series Images

Gallery

11 Photos

Alloy Wheel

Bmw 5 Series Alloy Wheel

Front Left View

Bmw 5 Series Front Left View

Front Right View

Bmw 5 Series Front Right View

Front View

Bmw 5 Series Front View

Headlight

Bmw 5 Series Headlight

Left View

Bmw 5 Series Left View

Orvm

Bmw 5 Series Orvm

Rear Left View

Bmw 5 Series Rear Left View

Rear Right View

Bmw 5 Series Rear Right View

Rear View

Bmw 5 Series Rear View

Right View

Bmw 5 Series Right View

Contact bmw Cars Dealer in

Get in touch with an authorized bmw dealer in for the latest models, on-road prices, and exclusive offers. Find the best deals on your new bmw today.

Similar Cars to BMW 5 Series

Cars in a comparable price range

BMW i5 LWB

BMW i5 LWB

Ex-Showroom Price

₹79.60 L

5.20 L (7%) costlierView Details
Audi A6

Audi A6

Ex-Showroom Price

₹63.74 L

10.66 L (14%) cheaperView Details

Alternative Cars to BMW 5 Series

Other options buyers may also consider

BMW 3 Series

BMW 3 Series

Ex-Showroom Price

₹72.85 L

1.55 L (2%) cheaperView Details
BMW i4

BMW i4

Ex-Showroom Price

₹72.50 L

1.90 L (3%) cheaperView Details
Mercedes-Benz E-Class

Mercedes-Benz E-Class

Ex-Showroom Price

₹78.51 L

4.11 L (6%) costlierView Details
BMW i5 LWB

BMW i5 LWB

Ex-Showroom Price

₹79.60 L

5.20 L (7%) costlierView Details
Audi A6

Audi A6

Ex-Showroom Price

₹63.74 L

10.66 L (14%) cheaperView Details
Mercedes-Benz C-Class

Mercedes-Benz C-Class

Ex-Showroom Price

₹58.65 L

15.75 L (21%) cheaperView Details
Mercedes-Benz AMG C43

Mercedes-Benz AMG C43

Ex-Showroom Price

₹94.05 L

19.65 L (26%) costlierView Details

Write a review

Share your BMW 5 Series experience

Owner feedback

Rate your car

5.0

overall

Performance

5/5

Comfort

5/5

Mileage

5/5

Safety

5/5

Features

5/5

Value

5/5

Reviews may be moderated before appearing publicly.

BMW 5 Series 2026 News & Latest Updates

Latest updates, stories and announcements

BMW India Announces 2 Percent Price Hike From 1 July 2026News

BMW India Announces 2 Percent Price Hike From 1 July 2026

BMW's upcoming 2% price hike sounds small, but on some models it could add more than ₹5 lakh to the bill.

Bharat Rana•09-06-2026
A New Luxury Car Brand is Coming to India to Rival BMW, Audi, MercedesNews

A New Luxury Car Brand is Coming to India to Rival BMW, Audi, Mercedes

A luxury car brand most Indians barely know is coming in 2027. And its biggest weapon against BMW and Mercedes is not the badge.

Bharat Rana•21-05-2026
Next-Gen BMW X5 Spied with New DesignNews

Next-Gen BMW X5 Spied with New Design

The next BMW X5 is getting a radical new look and will offer every powertrain, including hydrogen. Discover the future of BMW's flagship SUV in our exclusive spy shots.

Bharat Rana•28-10-2025
Editorial Analysis

BMW 5 Series Expert Review

Practical design, performance, comfort, mileage and value analysis from CarzOnWheel.

Review score

Full expert breakdown

Are you in the market for a new luxury car in India? Choosing the perfect vehicle can be a maze of decisions. You are likely considering several key factors: your budget, how safe the car is for your family, the long-term monthly maintenance costs, whether it has the latest features, and the reliability of the company service network. All these points are crucial when investing in a premium vehicle. Today, we are going to dive deep into a car that aims to tick all these boxes and more: the brand new BMW 5 Series. This executive sedan has always been a benchmark in its segment, and the latest iteration brings significant upgrades that Indian car buyers will certainly appreciate. Let us explore what makes the new BMW 5 Series a top contender in the luxury car space.

Main Highlights

Engine Specifications

The new BMW 5 Series for India is expected to offer a compelling choice of engines, balancing performance with efficiency.

  • BMW 530i: A 2.0-litre four-cylinder TwinPower Turbo petrol engine. This unit typically delivers around 252 horsepower and 350 Nm of peak torque, providing a brisk acceleration experience.
  • BMW 520d: A 2.0-litre four-cylinder TwinPower Turbo diesel engine. This robust engine usually produces around 190 horsepower and 400 Nm of torque, known for its strong mid-range and fuel economy.

Both engines come paired with BMWs smooth and responsive 8-speed Steptronic automatic transmission.

Design Overview
Exterior

The new BMW 5 Series boasts a bolder and more futuristic design. It is noticeably larger, giving it a more imposing road presence. Key design elements include:

  • A larger and more prominent BMW kidney grille, with an optional illuminated contour line for a striking look.
  • Sharper lines and sculpted surfaces across the body, contributing to a modern and athletic stance.
  • Sleeker LED headlamps and redesigned taillamps, giving the car a distinct light signature.
  • Flush door handles that integrate seamlessly into the bodywork, enhancing aerodynamics and aesthetics.
  • A reinterpreted Hofmeister Kink on the C-pillar, adding a fresh touch to a classic BMW design cue.
Interior

Step inside, and you are greeted by a cabin that blends luxury with cutting-edge technology. The interior is minimalistic yet driver-focused.

  • The centerpiece is the BMW Curved Display, which combines a 12.3-inch digital instrument cluster and a massive 14.9-inch infotainment touchscreen.
  • Fewer physical buttons mean a cleaner dashboard layout.
  • New steering wheel design with touch-sensitive controls.
  • High-quality materials, including sustainable options, contribute to a premium feel.
  • Increased cabin space, especially for rear passengers, ensures comfort on long journeys.
Key Features

The new BMW 5 Series is packed with features designed to enhance comfort, convenience, and connectivity.

  • Large 14.9-inch touchscreen infotainment system running the latest BMW iDrive operating system.
  • Seamless smartphone integration with wireless Apple CarPlay and Android Auto.
  • Panoramic glass sunroof for an airy cabin feel.
  • 360-degree camera system with Parking Assistant Plus for easy maneuvering in tight spots.
  • Wireless charging pad for compatible smartphones.
  • Four-zone automatic climate control for personalized comfort for all occupants.
  • Optional Bowers & Wilkins Surround Sound System for an immersive audio experience.
  • Heads-up Display for important information projected onto the windscreen.
What is the Ground Clearance of

The new BMW 5 Series offers a practical ground clearance, typically around 153 mm. This figure is adequate for most Indian road conditions, allowing the car to navigate speed breakers and uneven surfaces with reasonable ease, while maintaining its sleek profile.

What is the Boot Space of

The new 5 Series provides a generous boot space of approximately 520 litres. This is ample room for multiple suitcases, making it highly practical for family trips or airport runs.

What are the Dimensions of

The new BMW 5 Series has grown in size, contributing to its enhanced road presence and interior spaciousness.

  • Length: Approximately 5165 mm
  • Width: Approximately 2156 mm (excluding mirrors)
  • Height: Approximately 1518 mm
  • Wheelbase: Approximately 3105 mm
Powertrain Options

Beyond the initial petrol and diesel offerings, the new 5 Series platform is designed to be highly versatile. BMW might introduce mild-hybrid technology with these engines for improved efficiency. In the future, India could also see the all-electric BMW i5 variant, offering a completely silent and emission-free luxury experience.

Safety Features

Safety is a top priority for BMW, and the new 5 Series comes equipped with an extensive suite of safety technologies.

  • Multiple airbags (typically 6 to 7 as standard) for comprehensive occupant protection.
  • Anti-lock Braking System ABS with Electronic Brakeforce Distribution EBD.
  • Traction Control System and Dynamic Stability Control DSC for enhanced vehicle control.
  • Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems ADAS features such as Lane Departure Warning, Blind Spot Detection, and Adaptive Cruise Control.
  • ISOFIX child seat mounts for secure child seat installation.
  • Run-flat tyres and tyre pressure monitoring system.
NCAP Rating Table

The BMW 5 Series is built to the highest global safety standards.

Rating Agency Adult Occupant Child Occupant
Euro NCAP 5 Stars 5 Stars
Bharat NCAP Not yet tested Not yet tested
Rivals of BMW 5 Series

The BMW 5 Series competes in a fiercely contested segment of luxury executive sedans. Its main rivals in the Indian market include:

  • Mercedes-Benz E-Class
  • Audi A6
  • Volvo S90
  • Lexus ES
How is the Car? Pros and Cons
Pros
  • Luxurious and high-tech cabin: The curved display and intuitive iDrive system create a modern, premium ambiance.
  • Refined and powerful engines: Both petrol and diesel options offer strong performance and smooth power delivery.
  • Comfortable ride quality: The suspension is tuned to absorb most road imperfections, providing a relaxed ride, especially on longer journeys.
  • Advanced safety features: A comprehensive suite of airbags and ADAS technologies ensures peace of mind.
  • Signature BMW driving dynamics: Despite its increased size, the 5 Series retains that engaging BMW driving feel, offering good handling for its segment.
  • Increased rear seat comfort: More legroom and shoulder room make it excellent for chauffeur-driven owners or family use.
Cons
  • Premium pricing: Being a luxury import, the initial purchase price is significantly higher compared to mass-market cars.
  • Higher maintenance costs: As with any premium German car, spare parts and routine service can be more expensive.
  • Reliance on touchscreen: While modern, some users might miss physical buttons for frequently used functions.
  • Ground clearance: While adequate for most situations, extra care is still needed on particularly harsh or unpaved roads.
  • Limited initial variants: Early on, there might be fewer powertrain or trim options available compared to later in its lifecycle.

Conclusion

The new BMW 5 Series for India is more than just a car; it is a statement. It masterfully combines luxury, performance, cutting-edge technology, and a robust safety package. If you are a prospective buyer looking for an executive sedan that offers an engaging driving experience along with limousine-like comfort, the new 5 Series should definitely be on your shortlist. It addresses the modern car buyers needs by offering advanced features, strong safety ratings, and the prestige of the BMW brand. While the maintenance costs are typical for its segment, the overall ownership experience promises to be rewarding. We highly recommend a test drive to truly experience what this magnificent machine has to offer. Make an informed decision that suits your lifestyle and driving preferences.

Looking for Best Car Insurance

Grab the Best Deals with CarzOnWheel

Looking Illustration

BMW 5 Series Frequently Asked Questions

FAQ

Overview

What is the BMW 5 Series in India?+
The BMW 5 Series is a luxury executive sedan known for its blend of sporty performance, sophisticated design, and advanced technology. It's a popular choice in the premium segment.
What is the price range of the BMW 5 Series in India?+
In India, the BMW 5 Series typically ranges from around ₹65.90 Lakh to ₹74.50 Lakh (ex-showroom). Prices vary based on specific variants and optional features chosen.
What are the main advantages of buying a BMW 5 Series?+
Key advantages include its engaging driving dynamics, luxurious and feature-rich interior, refined ride quality, and strong brand prestige. It offers a balanced premium experience.
What are the potential drawbacks of owning a BMW 5 Series?+
Potential cons involve higher purchase and maintenance costs, limited rear-seat legroom compared to some rivals, and a firmer ride on poor Indian roads for some variants.
Who is the BMW 5 Series best suited for in India?+
It's ideal for professionals and enthusiasts seeking a dynamic, comfortable, and luxurious daily driver with cutting-edge technology. It suits those valuing driving pleasure alongside executive comfort.
How does the BMW 5 Series compete with its rivals in India?+
The 5 Series often excels in driving dynamics and technology. It competes strongly with Mercedes-Benz E-Class, Audi A6, and Lexus ES, offering a sportier alternative.

Specs

What engine options are available for the BMW 5 Series in India?+
The 5 Series in India offers both powerful petrol and efficient diesel engine options, typically including a 2.0L turbo-petrol and a 2.0L turbo-diesel, both with excellent performance.
What advanced safety features are present in the BMW 5 Series?+
It includes multiple airbags, ABS with EBD, traction control, dynamic stability control, parking assistant with reverse camera, and often advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) for enhanced safety.
Describe the interior design and comfort of the BMW 5 Series.+
The interior boasts premium materials, ergonomic design, and excellent build quality. It offers comfortable seating, a driver-focused cockpit, and ample space for four adults, ensuring a luxurious experience.
Does the BMW 5 Series offer advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS)?+
Yes, higher variants typically include ADAS features like Lane Departure Warning, Parking Assistant Plus, and Cruise Control with braking function, enhancing safety and convenience on Indian roads.
What infotainment and connectivity features does the 5 Series have?+
It features BMW's iDrive infotainment system with a large touchscreen, gesture control, Apple CarPlay/Android Auto, navigation, and a premium audio system, offering seamless connectivity and entertainment.
What are the typical dimensions and boot capacity of the BMW 5 Series?+
The 5 Series measures approximately 4963mm in length, 1868mm width, and 1479mm height. It offers a generous boot capacity of around 530 litres, suitable for luggage.

Mileage

What is the real-world mileage of the BMW 5 Series in India?+
Real-world mileage varies, but owners typically report 8-10 km/l for petrol and 12-14 km/l for diesel variants, depending on driving style and traffic conditions.
What mileage does the BMW 5 Series offer in city driving?+
In congested city conditions, petrol variants usually return 7-9 km/l, while diesel versions can offer 10-12 km/l, showcasing their efficiency advantage in urban environments.
What highway mileage can be expected from the BMW 5 Series?+
On highways, the 5 Series petrol models can achieve 10-12 km/l, and diesel variants often deliver impressive figures of 14-16 km/l, making them efficient for long journeys.
Which fuel type is more economical for the BMW 5 Series in India?+
Diesel variants are generally more fuel-efficient and offer better overall running costs in India due to higher mileage figures, despite a slightly higher upfront cost compared to petrol.
How does the 5 Series' mileage compare to its luxury sedan competitors?+
The 5 Series' mileage is competitive within its segment. Diesel models often lead in efficiency among luxury sedans like the Mercedes E-Class and Audi A6, offering good returns.
Are there any tips to improve fuel efficiency in the BMW 5 Series?+
To improve mileage, drive smoothly, avoid aggressive acceleration, maintain correct tire pressure, use Eco Pro mode, and ensure regular servicing. These habits optimize fuel consumption.